Fire damper in the design of the rational use of engineering
October 04 01:03:55, 2025
**Abstract:**
In many design projects, it is common to encounter issues such as incorrect selection of fire dampers or improper placement. This paper explores the working principles and performance characteristics of fire dampers, emphasizing the importance of their proper installation and selection within ventilation, air conditioning, and smoke control systems. It provides insights into how these systems can be optimized to enhance fire safety and minimize damage in case of a fire. Keywords: Fire damper, Working principle, Function, Reasonable selection, Setting position.
**1. Overview**
A fire damper is a critical component designed to block the spread of smoke and fire through ducts during a fire. It ensures that the structure maintains its fire resistance and integrity for a specified period. In buildings, fires can quickly spread via ventilation and air conditioning systems, leading to significant losses. To reduce such risks, effective fire protection and smoke control measures are essential. The correct placement and selection of fire dampers in these systems play a vital role in containing the fire and limiting its impact. However, in many design projects, errors in choosing the right type or positioning the damper occur frequently.
**2. Fire Damper Structure and Working Principle**
As shown in Figure 1, a fire damper consists of a valve body and an actuator. The valve body includes components like the housing, flanges, blades, and linkage mechanisms. The actuator comprises a housing, blade adjustment mechanism, clutch, and temperature fuse. When the temperature of the air passing through the duct reaches the melting point of the fusible metal strip, the strip melts, releasing the clutch and allowing the torsion springs to close the blades automatically. This mechanical operation occurs without the need for electricity or gas, ensuring reliable fire protection under any conditions.
Fire dampers typically remain open during normal operation, but they automatically close when the temperature exceeds 70°C, stopping the flow of hot gases. This function helps prevent the spread of fire and smoke, enhancing overall building safety.
**3. Types of Fire Dampers and Their Performance**
Various types of fire dampers are used depending on the system requirements. For example:
- **FD (Fire Damper):** Installed in air ducts to prevent fire spread. It automatically closes at 70°C.
- **FVD (Fire and Smoke Damper):** Includes smoke detection and can adjust airflow.
- **SFVD (Smoke and Fire Control Valve):** Controlled by smoke sensors and can shut down fans.
- **BSFVD (Remote Smoke and Fire Control Valve):** Operated remotely for complex systems.
- **SFD (Smoke Exhaust Fire Damper):** Activates at 280°C to stop exhaust fans.
Each type has specific functions, including automatic shutdown, manual control, and signal output for monitoring and alarm systems.
**4. Proper Use of Fire Dampers in Building Design**
In high-rise buildings and air-conditioned structures, fire and smoke control are especially critical. Fire dampers must be strategically placed to prevent the spread of fire through ducts and to protect occupants. According to building codes, dampers should be installed in fire zones, around partitions, and in vertical ducts. They should also be located near fire separations and equipped with support structures. If hidden, they must have inspection access.
For kitchens and bathrooms, backflow prevention is crucial, so fire dampers should be installed where necessary. In fresh air systems, dampers are required in vertical ducts to ensure safe operation. Similarly, in smoke exhaust systems, dampers must activate at 280°C to prevent further fire spread.
**5. Conclusion**
The proper selection and placement of fire dampers are essential for fire safety in ventilation, air conditioning, and smoke control systems. Understanding the different types, their functions, and appropriate installation locations can significantly improve building safety. Designers must follow relevant regulations and consider local conditions to ensure optimal performance and reliability in emergency situations.
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