Heavy oil is expected to become an important strategy for China to replace energy
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The so-called heavy oil is the general name of unconventional oil, including heavy oil, high viscosity oil, oil sands, natural asphalt and oil shale. At present, the international oil community still has some unresolved problems in heavy oil exploration, development, refining and comprehensive utilization, and environmental protection. The most important issue is how to develop innovations based on existing technologies in order to achieve greater Reduce costs by a large margin. In addition, as the demand for oil continues to increase, how to strengthen the importance attached to exploration and development by heavy oil producing countries in the world and rational use of heavy oil by consumer countries has become the key to the sustainable development of the heavy oil industry and even the world's oil industry.
China is a world leader in oil production and consumption. In 2006, it produced more than 180 million tons of oil and consumed 300 million tons of oil. The oil gap is relatively large. In addition to conventional oil and natural gas, the Chinese government pays more attention to the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas. After more than 50 years of exploration, China has successively discovered more than 70 heavy oil fields in 12 basins nationwide, and established five major development and production areas. The output has accounted for 10% of the country's total oil production. With the advancement of petroleum technology and the increase in the production of heavy oil and the reduction of mining costs, heavy oil will become one of China’s major strategically-accepted energy sources. At present, more than 70 heavy oil fields have been discovered in China. After more than 20 years of development, five heavy oil development and production zones have been established in Liaohe Oilfield, Xinjiang Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield, Henan Oilfield, and Ocean Oil Region. The output of heavy oil accounts for 10% of the total domestic crude oil production.
The world's heavy oil geological reserves are equal to the sum of conventional oil and gas reserves. With the rapid development of the world economy and the continuous increase in oil demand, conventional oil reserves are declining. Heavy oil with huge exploration potential and broad development prospects has become one of the important energy resources in the 21st century. . Statistics show that the world’s heavy oil reserves are more than 1 trillion tons, heavy oil reserves, conventional crude oil, and natural gas reserves account for 53%, 25%, and 22% of the total. The geological reserves of heavy oil are equivalent to those of conventional oil and gas reserves. with. Of the approximately 10 trillion barrels of remaining oil resources in the world, more than 70% are heavy oil resources. In China, land-based heavy oil and bitumen resources account for more than 20% of the total oil resources. The predicted resource volume is 19.8 billion tons, of which the final proven geological resources are 7.95 billion tons, and the recoverable resources are 1.91 billion tons. . After more than 50 years of exploration, China has discovered more than 70 heavy oil fields in 12 basins throughout the country, and has established five major heavy oil development and production areas such as Liaohe Oilfield, Xinjiang Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield, Henan Oilfield, and Ocean Oil Area. In recent years, deep heavy oil resources have also been discovered in the Turpan-Hami Basin and the Tarim Basin. As of the end of 2005, China has proven 2.06 billion tons of heavy oil geological reserves. Heavy oil has become an important part of China's crude oil production, and heavy oil production accounts for 10% of the country's total crude oil production.
Canada and Venezuela are important oil-producing regions in the world Currently, the largest reserves and economic development has been the oil sands resources in Alberta, Canada, and the heavy oil resources in the Olynok oil belt in Venezuela. Venezuela is one of the largest heavy oil storage areas in the world. According to the data released by the country, the reserves of heavy oil, heavy oil and natural bitumen in Orinoco heavy oil belt in Venezuela are as high as 235 billion barrels. These reserves combined with the existing proven light and medium oil reserves total 312.8 billion barrels. In Venezuela, the proven oil reserves in Canada reached 188.9 billion barrels, accounting for 15% of the world, of which 95% of proven reserves came from Alberta's oil sands resources. Alberta's oil sand resources are distributed in an area of ​​141,000 square kilometers, and about 175 billion barrels of oil sand resources can be mined, mainly in Athabasca, Cold Lake and Pease River in Alberta. area. In 2000, Canada and Venezuela reached their daily output of 600,000 barrels and 300,000 barrels in the form of crude oil and synthetic crude oil (light and sweet crude oil obtained through refining). Currently, Canada and Venezuela produce about 3 million barrels of oil per day. It is estimated that by 2015, the daily output of ultra-heavy oil or bitumen and synthetic crude oil will reach 3.5 million barrels per day in both countries.
Heavy oil can't shake conventional oil status in the short term. In recent years, advances in oil technology have brought about unconventional oil production and lower mining costs. Unconventional oil resources are bound to become an important force in stabilizing the world's oil market supply. At present, investment projects in heavy oil resources are increasingly attractive. Venezuela's application of advanced oil pumps, horizontal well technology and improved diluents have greatly increased the productivity of heavy oil, reducing production costs from US$3 per barrel in 1991 to US$0.95 per barrel in 2004. Since Canada’s oil sands began economic exploitation in 1967, production has increased year by year. In 1980, the daily output of oil sands products was 138,000 barrels. In 2004, the daily output reached 997,000 barrels. According to the Canadian Petroleum Producers Association’s forecast, with the declining production of conventional crude oil, the proportion of oil sands oil production in Canadian crude oil will increase. By 2015, it will increase from 50% of the current total crude oil production to 75%. Daily output will exceed 2.7 million barrels. However, experts also pointed out that, compared with conventional petroleum resources, heavy oil development and utilization have many problems such as large investment, high risk, inadequate facilities, and environmental pollution. In the short term, these unconventional oil producing areas cannot replace the influence of Middle East crude oil on the world oil market.
International cooperation will enhance the development and utilization of heavy oil resources The objectives of the First World Heavy Oil Conference are: Research and discussion on how to increase the level and level of development and utilization of heavy oil resources in the world, and increase the number of countries among heavy oil producing countries and between heavy oil producing and consuming countries in the world. Cooperation will promote the progress of heavy oil technology and jointly promote the rational development and utilization of unconventional oil resources. China's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" outline shows that China will carry out surveys and explorations of unconventional oil and gas resources such as oil shale, oil sands, and natural gas hydrates to increase the reserves of oil and gas alternative resources. Through the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures, while stabilizing the development of conventional oil and gas resources, China will actively encourage the exploration, development and processing of unconventional oil and gas resources, increase investment in science and technology, reduce production costs, strive to increase oil recovery, and increase oil and gas resources. Protection. He said that in particular, the Chinese government needs to strengthen international cooperation in the areas of development technology, risk control, information sharing, investment, and trade. At present, China has carried out several development projects in some areas. It has also conducted pilot tests on the development of oil shale and is working hard to solve the economic, technological, and environmental issues in heavy oil development, promote international heavy oil trade, and increase the world's heavy oil resources. Development and utilization level. World oil experts stated that how to develop new technologies that significantly reduce costs on the basis of existing technologies, strengthen the importance attached to exploration and development by heavy oil producing countries in the world, and the rational use of heavy oil by consumer countries will become the heavy oil industry and even the world’s oil industry. The key to sustainable development.
Heavy oil, important energy in the new century As early as November 6, 1998, “People's Daily†focused on “heavy oil—important energy in the next century†to introduce the situation of heavy oil. The article points out that the oil industry can be regarded as the lifeblood of the development of the world economy. As mankind extracts oil year after year, the recoverable reserves of conventional crude oil are only 150 billion tons. At present, the annual global crude oil production volume has reached 3 billion tons. This way, the depletion date of conventional oil is not very far away. Many people even anticipate that by 2010 humans will not be able to buy cheap oil. Fortunately, nature has left another opportunity for mankind - heavy oil and tar sands. This kind of hydrocarbon reserves with 400 billion tons of reserves is increasingly attracting people's attention. Heavy oil is a heavy oil with a specific gravity of more than 0.93. It has a large viscosity, contains a large amount of nitrogen, sulfur, wax, and metals. It does not flow, and tar sands do not flow. During mining, some need to inject heat into the ground, such as injecting steam, hot water, or some hydrocarbon substances to dissolve it, increase its mobility, while others use a method similar to mining coal. Due to the complexity of exploration, development, and refining of heavy oil, large capital investment, and environmental pollution, the development of heavy oil industry is difficult. However, in the face of the threat of declining conventional oil resources in the 21st century, many people of insight are starting from a long-term perspective and are tirelessly studying the development of new technologies to develop heavy oil, so that the possibility of widespread human use of such resources is growing.
In the past 20 years, the world's heavy oil industry has grown faster than conventional oil, and the annual production of heavy oil and tar sands has increased from 20 million tons to nearly 100 million tons. Venezuela is the country with the largest heavy oil reserves. It is expected that in the near future, its daily heavy oil production capacity will reach 1.2 million barrels; Canada’s current oil sands production will reach 500,000 barrels per day; Europe’s North Sea’s heavy oil production will reach 140,000 barrels per day; China, The heavy oil industry in Indonesia and other countries has also been developing rapidly in recent years, with an annual output of more than 10 million tons. In addition, some countries have large reserves of heavy oil. However, due to the fact that the reservoirs are distributed at sea or below the surface of 2,000 meters, it is still difficult to exploit them in large quantities. Comparing the status of the three major categories of hydrocarbons, namely conventional oil, heavy oil, and natural gas, we can see that the prospect of heavy oil is the best, because its reserves are several thousand times of the annual output, while this index of conventional oil is only 50. Times. The distribution and utilization of natural gas in the world is very uneven. In many countries, it accounts for a very small proportion of the energy used. According to the forecast of the U.S. Department of Energy, conventional oil production in the world will reach a peak within 20 years and then decline. The consequent scarcity of resources coupled with the rise in oil prices will mark unconventional resources being put into industrial production. This is heavy oil and tar sands, which may constitute more than half of the world’s energy supply in the middle of the 21st century. The president of Chevron Petroleum Lannir expects that the world's heavy oil resources in the next century may be confirmed to exceed 6 trillion tons. It can be seen that the development potential of the heavy oil industry is quite large.
How to fully apply heavy oil and tar sand to industrial development, while leaving a clean environment for future generations, has also become a common topic facing the world oil industry. Recently, at the 7th International Conference on Heavy Oil and Asphalt Sands held in Beijing, more than 520 officials and experts from the United Nations and more than 20 countries gathered to discuss the theme of “heavy oil—important energy in the 21st centuryâ€. discuss. The United Nations Training and Research Institute heavy oil and tar sands development center has assumed responsibility for promoting international exchanges and cooperation in heavy oil technology. It uses its network to promote technology transfer and the world's sharing of technical expertise. Whether or not the full value of heavy oil can be realized in the 21st century will depend on the international energy market, the amount of heavy oil resources, and the application of new technologies. At present, it is urgent to solve two key problems. One is to improve technology, strengthen management, reduce costs, and move out of new ways to develop and utilize heavy oil under conditions of low oil prices. Second, develop a solution to the actual situation where heavy oil development is likely to cause environmental pollution. Adaptation to global environmental requirements. In recent years, there have been some advances in environmental and technological improvements for heavy oil and tar sands operations, including the conversion of steam from crude oil fuels in mining areas to more efficient and cleaner flammable gas generation steam; and reduction of greenhouse gas and sulfur dioxide emissions in mining and upgrading operations. The use of high-efficiency insulated oil pipes to send high-quality steam into the formation; the use of horizontal well drilling technology to make the ground cover less than vertical wells, thereby reducing environmental damage; use of fluidity control agent to more effectively direct the steam flow to the undriven area , reduce sewage production, and so on. The existing achievements of petroleum technology in this century and the practice of heavy oil and bituminous sand mining since the 1960s have prepared the necessary technical means for the expansion of this important resource, and have accumulated certain experience. Heavy oil and tar sands, as alternative resources for global energy, are on the world stage, and they are the general trend.
Huge potential for heavy oil development in China At present, of the approximately 10 trillion barrels of remaining oil resources in the world, more than 70% are heavy oil resources. In China, onshore heavy oil and bitumen resources account for more than 20% of total oil resources. Oil sands are estimated to have more than 6 billion tons of geological resources and more than 3 billion tons of recoverable resources. The oil shale geological resources amount to more than 47 billion tons, technical recoverable resources exceed 16 billion tons, and the recoverable amount exceeds 12 billion tons. In the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†development plan, the Chinese government clearly stated that it will vigorously develop exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources such as oil shale, oil sands, and natural gas hydrates, increase investment in science and technology, reduce mining costs, and increase the protection of China’s oil and gas resources. degree. It is understood that due to China's large-scale exploration evaluation work is in its infancy, the encouragement policy for heavy oil exploration and development is still under research and formulation. Heavy oil resources will become one of China's important strategic replacement energy sources.
According to relevant sources, unconventional oil and gas plays an important role in China's energy industry, is an important supplement to conventional oil and gas, and has rich resources and great potential; in particular, the exploration and development of coalbed methane and oil shale will affect China's oil and gas industry and energy. Supply has a greater impact. The Chinese government attaches great importance to this and will, in accordance with the results of the evaluation of unconventional oil and gas resources throughout the country, specifically encourage the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources. After more than 50 years of exploration, China has discovered more than 70 heavy oil fields in 12 basins across the country, and has established five major heavy oil development and production areas, such as Liaohe, Xinjiang, Shengli, Henan and offshore oil fields. Heavy oil production accounts for National crude oil production 10%. In recent years, deep heavy oil resources have also been discovered in the Turpan-Hami Basin and the Tarim Basin. By the end of 2005, our country has discovered 2.06 billion tons of heavy oil geological reserves. Heavy oil has become an important component of Chinese crude oil production.
The Chinese government encourages heavy oil extraction The Chinese government is paying more and more attention to the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas. With the advancement of petroleum technology and the increase in the production of heavy oil and the reduction of mining costs, heavy oil will become one of China’s major strategically-accepted energy sources. Over the past few years, China’s active encouragement of heavy oil extraction has been a strategic strategy for energy replacement, which is of great significance for ensuring the safe supply of energy. China has relatively abundant heavy oil resources, indicating that China's oil resources are far from exhausting. In the latest round of national oil and gas resources evaluation jointly conducted by the Ministry of Land and Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission, unconventional oil and gas resources such as coalbed methane, oil shale, and oil sands were included in the national evaluation system for the first time, with a total of 47 coal-bearing basins in China's mainland. , 80 oil shale mining areas and 24 oil sands basins were evaluated. The evaluation results show that China's heavy oil resources are abundant, and heavy oil is expected to become one of China's important replacement energy sources. China attaches great importance to research on heavy oil extraction and utilization technologies and is determined to solve this worldwide technical problem. Heavy oil concentrates about 70% of the sulfur and about 90% of the nitrogen in the crude oil. The lighter part of the heavy oil, which accounts for about 70% of the total, is a part that can be transformed by the current technology, but the high-efficiency conversion is still difficult; the total amount of heavy oil About 20% of the heavier parts, using existing technology, are difficult to convert directly, which is the potential for efficient conversion of heavy oil; the remaining 10% is heavy oil residue, enriched with more than 70% of heavy metals and 40 More than % of sulfur and nitrogen cannot be effectively converted into light products. The national "973" plan includes "basic research on the efficient conversion and optimal utilization of heavy oil" to accelerate the resolution of the world's scientific and technological difficulties in the efficient conversion and optimal utilization of heavy oil. The 65 experts and scholars nationwide began to work together from last year and plan to use five years to solve the key scientific issues and technical bottlenecks that restrict the efficient conversion and optimal utilization of heavy oil. This is undoubtedly a good news for the world energy community.
China's encouragement of heavy oil production shows that China hopes to contribute to alleviating the world's energy shortage through its own efforts. Energy is a worldwide problem. Cracking down on energy difficulties has become a common expectation of all countries. How to effectively use existing petroleum resources has become an urgent issue that needs to be resolved. The realization of efficient conversion and optimized utilization of heavy oil is the only way to guarantee the supply of energy and chemical raw materials in China. The national "Eleventh Five-Year" development plan clearly states that exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources such as oil shale, oil sands, and natural gas hydrates will be vigorously carried out, increasing investment in science and technology, reducing mining costs, and increasing the degree of protection of China's oil and gas resources. China encourages the exploration and exploitation of heavy oil, which has obvious strategic significance. First, it can form a strategic reserve of alternative energy sources to further protect China's energy security. Second, it can make more efficient use of resources and bring about huge economic and social benefits. Thirdly, it can restrict the rise of international oil prices. The world’s oil supply and demand contradictions have found a way out.
